Citrus Production
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a vital part of growing a healthy and productive citrus grove. Scouting is the first step in IPM. By monitoring the groves, it provides the opportunity to identify pests or a potential pest. The next step is the proper identification of a pest or their damage. Once a pest is identified, management decisions can be made and may consist of preventative controls, use of biological controls, and chemical management.
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Insect Identification
Florida citrus hosts a wide array of arthropod pests including insects, mites and nematodes. These pests can cause damage to citrus through their feeding on fruit, foliage and roots. Indirectly, feeding wounds can serve as an entry point for plant pathogens. Some pests may also act as vectors of plant diseases such as the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) which spreads the citrus greening pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Florida citrus also has numerous beneficial species that help to maintain most potential pests below economically damaging levels.
Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)
- Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Asian Citrus Psyllid and Citrus Leafminer (ENY-734) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in686
- HLB (Greening) Database
- Featured Creatures – Asian Citrus Psyllid
- Host plants for psyllid / HLB
Citrus Leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton)
- Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Phyllocnistinae) (EENY038) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in165
- Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Asian Citrus Psyllid and Citrus Leafminer (ENY-734) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in686
- Parasitoid of the Citrus Leafminer, Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (EENY-312) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in588
- Parasitoid of the Citrus Leafminer, Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (EENY-313) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in589
- Citrus Leafminer Parasitoid, Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (EENY-285) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in561
- Featured Creatures – Citrus Leafminer
Lebbeck Mealybug (Nipaecoccus viridis)
Lebbeck Mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis, is an exotic mealybug previously documented on dodder and tallow wood in Palm Beach County and intercepted at ports of entry. In June 2019, it was documented feeding on and damaging citrus in Highlands County, Florida. It is a known pest of citrus in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and Southern African regions. It has a wide range of hosts in Florida including: citrus, mango, pomegranate, grapevine, and several ornamental plants like hibiscus and mulberry. More Information
Mites
- Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Rust Mites, Spider Mites, and Other Phytophagous Mites (ENY-603) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cg002
- A Guide to Citrus Mite Identification (HS-806) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch179
- Citrus rustmites, Eryiophyoid mites Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Rust Mites, Spider Mites, and Other Phytophagous Mites (ENY-603) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cg002
- Flat mites, False spider mites, Brevipalpus mites Red and Black Flat Mite, A False Spider Mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Arachnida: Acari: Tenuipalpidae) (EENY-381) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in685
- A False Spider Mite, Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) (Archnida: Acari: Tenuipalpidae) (EENY-384) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in690
- Broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Arachnida: Acari: Tarsonemidae) (EENY-183) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in340
- Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Arachnida: Acari: Tetranychidae) (EENY150) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in307
Nematodes
- Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Nematodes (ENY-606) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cg010
- Citrus Root Growth and Soil Pest Management Practices (ENY617) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch008
Scale Insects
- A Guide to Scale Insect Identification (HS-817) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch195
- Brown Soft Scale, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1252
- Green Scale, Coccus viridis (Green) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae) (EENY-253) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in436
- Fig Wax Scale, Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) (EENY-187) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in344
- Red Wax Scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae) (EENY-237) https://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00004171/00001
- Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Soft-Bodied Insects Attacking Foliage and Fruit (ENY-604) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cg004
Weevils
- Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Citrus Root Weevils (ENY-611) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cg006
- Diaprepes Root Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (EENY-024) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in151
- Field Diagnosis of Citrus Root Weevil Damage (HS-1014) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs260
- Validation of an Area-Wide Extension Program to Estimate the Seasonal Abundance of Adult Citrus Root Weevils with Unbaited Pyramidal Traps (HS994) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs240
- Fuller Rose Beetle, Naupactus godmanni (Crotch) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (EENY-375) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in678
Fruit Flies
- Caribbean Fruit Fly (Anastrepha suspensa) (Loew) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (EENY196) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in353
- Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (EENY-214) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in371
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industries Mediterranean Fruit Fly Information https://www.fdacs.gov/Agriculture-Industry/Pests-and-Diseases/Plant-Pests-and-Diseases/Exotic-Fruit-Flies
- Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (EENY201) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in358
- Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (EENY-083) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in240
- Guava Fruit Fly, Anastrepha striata Schiner (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (EENY-265) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in544
- Guava Fruit Fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (EENY200) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in357
Other Pests
- Grasshopper, Katydid and Cricket Pests of Florida Citrus (ENY813) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch056
- Lime Swallowtail, Chequered Swallowtail, Citrus Swallowtail Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (EENY 444) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in786
- Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (EENY-008) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in134
Citrus Blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (EENY-042) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in199 - Citrus Gall Midge, Prodiplosis longifila Gagné (Insecta: Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (EENY-035) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in162
- Citrus Flatid Planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Flatidae) (EENY329) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in605
Pesticide Information
- Quick Sheet: Insecticides and Miticides Recommended for Use in the Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide (ENY-854) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in807
- Understanding Low Volume Application Technology: An Emerging Technology in the Citrus Industry – Brochure (IN840) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in840
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Quick Reference Guide for Low Volume Citrus Applications (CH203) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch203
- Calibration of Airblast Sprayers (Circ. 1435) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae238
- UF Pesticide Information Office
- IRAC – Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
- Disease Identification
- Disease Models
Horticulture
Horticulture is a wide range of topics that includes nursery management, harvesting, plant growth, irrigation and much more.
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Flower Bud Induction Overview and Advisory
NOTICE FOR CITRUS EXTENSION AGENTS & SPECIALISTS AND GROWER NEWSLETTERS
The following information has been developed as part of the Decision Information System for Citrus. (http://disc.ifas.ufl.edu/bloom)Dr. Tripti Vashisth, Horticulturist
Citrus Research & Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL -
Varieties and Rootstocks
Variety Publications
- Ambersweet Orange (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- Minneola Tangelo (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- Orlando Tangelo (Stephen H. Futch and Larry K. Jackson)
- Robinson Tangerine (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- Sunburst Tangerine (Stephen H. Futch and Larry K. Jackson)
- Dancy Tangerine (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- Osceola Citrus Hybrid (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- Lee Citrus Hybrid (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- Fallglo Tangerine (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- Page Citrus Hybird (Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch)
- The Satsuma Tangerine (J.J. Ferguson)
- Nova Tangelo (Stephen H. Futch and Larry K. Jackson)
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Citrus Under Protective Screen (CUPS)
Citrus Under Protective Screen (CUPS) is an integrated system for growing citrus trees in protective screen houses for fresh fruit production. The screen is at least 40 to 50 mesh in order to exclude the Asian Citrus Psyllid [ACP] (Diaphorina citri), a vector of Huanglongbing disease (HLB).
The Florida citrus nursery industry adopted a similar greenhouse or screen house production practice in the early 2000s in order to protect budwood sources and commercial citrus nursery tree production from citrus canker and ACP. The CUPS is very similar to the screen house citrus nursery system, but with a different goal: the sustainable and profitable production of HLB-free, premium quality fresh fruit in psyllid-free enclosed screen house environments. For more information Click Here.
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Citrus Nutrition
A fertilizer program should include all mineral nutrients required by the plant. Every nutrient is indispensable and an excess or deficiency of any single nutrient can adversely affect tree performance. The goal of mature tree fertilization is to promote fruit set, growth, and development and, at the same time, ensure maintenance of tree health and fruit bearing surfaces in order to optimize yields for subsequent seasons. Fertilizer recommendations depend on a wide range of factors, such as soil characteristics, age of tree, variety and rootstock, and cultural practices.
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Citrus Nutrition - Trade Journal Articles
2020
- Nutrition: No one size fits all (March) By Tripti Vashisth
- Effect of planting density and enhanced nutrition on grapefruit (March) By Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi, Dinesh Phuyal, Davie Kadyampakeni and Kelly Morgan
- Root hair enhancement with low phosphorus concentrations (March) By Laura Waldo and Arnold Schumann
2019
- Critical leaf nutrient thresholds to diagnose deficiencies in HLB trees (April) By Arnold Schumann, Laura Waldo, Tripti Vashisth, Alan Wright and Kelly Morgan
- Soil and water pH play a key part in nutrition (April) By Tripti Vashisth, Davie Kadyampakeni and Lushan Ghimire
2018
- What you need to know about citrus fertigation (October) By Mongi Zekri, Davie Kadyampakeni, Tripti Vashisth, Kelly Morgan, Tom Obreza and Brian Boman
- Artificial intelligence for detecting citrus pests, diseases and disorders (July By Arnold Schumann, Laura Waldo, William Holmes, Gary Test and Tim Ebert
- Living with yellow dragon disease (March) By Tripti Vashisth and Christopher Vincent
- Foliar nutrition research update (March) By Rhuanito S. Ferrarezi, Alan L. Wright, Kelly T. Morgan, Philip A. Stansly, Monica Ozores-Hampton and Robert Ebel
2017
- Monitoring tree health using water-uptake rate (July) By Reza Ehsani, Azadeh Alizadeh and Davie Kadyampakeni
- An update on UF/IFAS-grower citrus nutrition trials (May) By Tripti Vashisth
2016
- Managing the health and productivity of HLB-affected groves (September) By Tripti Vashisth
- Growers needed for nutrition trials (January) By Tripti Vashisth
2015
- Leaf tissue and soil sampling and testing (July) By Mongi Zekri, Kelly Morgan, Tom Obreza and Arnold Schumann
- Increasing efficiency and reducing the cost of nutritional programs (March) By Mongi Zekri, Thomas Obreza and Arnold Schumann
2012
- Phosphorus, phosphate, phosphite explained (December) By Arnold W. Schumann
2011
- Foliar nutrition for HLB (June) By Timothy M. Spann, Arnold W. Schumann, Bob Rouse and Bob Ebel
2010
- Effects of mineral nutrition on health and performance of citrus trees (July) By Arnold Schumann, Tim Spann, Tim Mann, Tom Obreza and Mongi Zekri
- Citrus tree health and HLB incidence (April) By Timothy M. Spann, Kirandeep Mann and Arnold W. Schumann
2009
- Potential use of DRIS for leaf nutrient diagnosis on Florida citrus (April) By Arnold Schumann
2008
- Tips for fine-tuning variable rate fertilization (March) By H.K. Hostler and Arnold Schumann
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Peer Reviewed Publications
2020
- Atta A.A., K.T. Morgan, S.A. Hamido, and D.M. Kadyampakeni. 2020. Effect of Essential Nutrients on Roots Growth and Lifespan of Huanglongbing Affected Citrus Trees. Plants 9, 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040483.
- Uthman, Q.O., D.M. Kadyampakeni, and P. Nkedi-Kizza. (2020). Boron availability and uptake in huanglongbing-affected citrus trees on a Florida entisol. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(9), 1248-1258, https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1727510
- Kadyampakeni D.M. 2020. Interaction of soil boron application with leaf B concentration, root length density, and canopy size of citrus affected by Huanglongbing, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43:2, 186-193, https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1659356
2019
- Vashisth, T. and Kadyampakeni, K. 2019. Diagnosis and Management of Nutrient Constraints in Citrus in Fruit Crops, Elsevier, 723-737 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818732-6.00049-6
- Vashisth, T. and Livingston, L. 2019. Assessment of Pruning and Controlled-release Fertilizer to Rejuvenate Huanglongbing-affected Sweet Orange. Hortechnology 29 (6): 933-940. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04382-19
- Kanissery, R., Gairhe, B., Kadyampakeni, D., Batuman, O. and Alferez, F. 2019. Glyphosate: Its Environmental Persistence and Impact on Crop Health and Nutrition. Plants, 8(11), p.499. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110499
- Zambon, F.T., D.M. Kadyampakeni, and J.W. Grosser. 2019. Ground application overdoses of manganese show a therapeutic effect in sweet orange trees infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. HortScience 54(6):1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13635-18
2018
- Vashisth, T., and Grosser, J. 2018. Comparison of Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) for Newly Planted Sweet Orange Trees under Huanglongbing Prevalent Conditions. Journal of Horticulture 5 (3):244. https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0354.1000244
- Kadyampakeni, D.M., Morgan, K.T., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Schumann, A.W. and Jawitz, J.W., 2018. Modeling Water and Nutrient Movement in Sandy Soils Using HYDRUS-2D. Journal of Environmental Quality 47:1546–1553, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.02.0056.
- Kadyampakeni, D.M., P. Nkedi-Kizza, J.A. Leiva, A. Muwamba, E. Fletcher, and K.T. Morgan. 2018. Ammonium and nitrate transport during saturated and unsaturated water flow through sandy soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 181(2):198–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700405
- Brewer M.T., Morgan K.T., Zotarelli L., Stanley C.D., Kadyampaken D. 2018. Effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application rates on tomato biomass accumulation, nutrient content, yield, and soil nutrient. Status. Journal of Horticulture 5:227. https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0354.1000227
- Kanissery, R., B. Gairhe, D.M. Kadyampakeni and K. Morgan. 2018. Nutrient Interactions in Soil: A Short Review. Agri Res and Tech:Open Access J. 15(2): 55595. https://doi.org/10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.15.555951
2016
- Kadyampakeni, D.M., K.T. Morgan, A.W. Schumann. 2016. Biomass, nutrient accumulation and tree size relationships for drip- and microsprinkler-irrigated orange trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition 39:589-599, https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2015.1009112
2015
- Kadyampakeni, D.M., K.T. Morgan, P. Nkedi-Kizza, and G.N. Kasozi. 2015. Nutrient management options for Florida citrus: a review of NPK application and analytical methods. Journal of Plant Nutrition 38:568-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.934470
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